On ‘Initial Regime’ Cross Flow-Induced Vibration Predictions of Rigid Cylindrical Structures with High Wake Turbulence

Copyright: © 2017 Elbanhawy AY, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. *Corresponding author: AY Elbanhawy, Mechanical Power Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 ElSarayat Street, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt, E-mail: amr.elbanhawy@eng.asu.edu Received: March 27, 2017: Accepted: August 02, 2017: Published: August 05, 2017


Introduction
Flow-induced vibration is a flow phenomenon that involves multi-disciplinary applications and attracts attention from the scientific community. This describes a fundamental non-linear interaction that occurs between the flow field and the structure across which the flow moves past. Numerical experiments, or Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, have started tackling in earnest the Flow-Induced Vibrations (reffered to as FIV thereafter) as found in Sarpkaya [1], William-It is fair to express an important reservation here however in that 2D simulations generally suffer from the common drawbacks that previous researchers had 4 encountered Tamura, et al. [15]. Moreover, the approximation implied by the use of uRANS has its own limits and caution should be exercised during its undertaking as comprehensively reported in Bouhadji, et al. [16]. Owing to the complicated wake dynamics in conjunction with the numerical grid issues arising from the cylinder motion, it is fair to state that CFD studies on FIV are challenging but nevertheless a worthy goal to strive. Notwithstanding the fact that the subject of FIV is an analytically/computationally demanding topic for many industry practitioners, the value that the current effort presents stems from the practicality of numerical simulations incorporating modelled turbulence fields. The ability to extend the numerical simulations to cover geometrically complex oscillating bodies, or even multiple body vibrations, further suggests that more research is needed for FIV applications. . c l y y : Cylinder's to know about high subcritical Reynolds numbers turbulence or shear layer transition in the near wake of a flow-excited circular cylinder, let alone other geometries. Dong and Karniadakis [6] attempted a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) study to look at forced oscillations implied on a circular cylinder at Re of 10,000, however, the study showed limited results on near wake turbulence. The challenge for turbulence modelling as applied herein -by means of both LES and unsteady RANS -usually inherits a number of problems in its assumptions that are not universally capable of capturing the flow transition details, or the nature of the ensuing non-equilibrium wake turbulence.
A pioneering LES study on a static cylinder was conducted by Breuer [7] for the same Reynolds number discussed in this study. Breuer [7] faced difficulties in obtaining close agreements -in near wake turbulent stresses-with the benchmark experiment of Cantwell and Coles [8] and reported that denser grids may not always yield improved solutions. The numerical implementation of the cylinder vibration in the computational domain adds not but more complications to the flow field resolution. This is one good reason why there are more CFD studies on stationary cylinders than on oscillating ones.
In this study, CFD investigations are presented for a self-excited circular cylinder incorporating low mass and damping in rigid body motion. There is, in general, an established acceptance in the research community that the assumption of rigid body motion is basic and essential to understand the fluid-structure coupling as indicated in the reviews aforementioned. An example of such approach is given by Elbanhawy and Turan [9] where CFD is applied to study a free oscillating cylinder at Reynolds number of 4000. However, the high -almost critical-Reynolds number studied herein addresses an industrial need that is generally encountered in large diameter marine risers in ocean currents, or in process plants for cross-flow heat exchangers' design.
The present exercise is aimed at examining two different turbulence treatment methods, namely LES and uRANS, compared to adequate quality experimental data. The Reynolds number of the simulated cross-flow over a circular cylinder is 140,000, which to the authors' knowledge, has not been tested in detail for FIV in the open literature.
While evidences are that coherent vortices are present in the studied high Reynolds number [10], an experimental attempt by Govardhan and Williamson [11] suggests that periodic structures are significantly enhanced by the presence of FIV. Their experiment has shown an increase of the periodic turbulent component for up to 90% of the total turbulent stresses for the Reynolds num-

Computational Aspects
The computations herein are carried out using a cell-centred finite volume method based on a multidimensional linear reconstruction scheme as that described in [9]. For the LES computations, a bounded central differencing scheme is used for the convective fluxes as developed by Leonard [22]. Whereas for the uRANS computations, use is made of a second order upwind-biased scheme to calculate the turbulence scalars as this provides stability for the calculation of turbulent viscosity. A blended central-differencing scheme with upwinding (Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinetics) is employed to discretize the uRANS equations in two dimensions as applied in Leonard and Mokhtari [23]. This scheme uses a three-point upstream-weighted quadratic interpolation for the cell face values containing the two side cells of the face plus a third cell on the upstream side [17]. To achieve the unsteady time marching, a first order backward-difference implicit time integration scheme is used with a non-dimensional time step of 0.001 and 0.00224, for the LES and uRANS cases respectively, achieving a maximum value of Courant number of less than one.

Domain and boundary specification
The LES simulation has a 3D grid in which the cylinder's span-to-diameter ratio is 2. The uRANS simulation has a 2D grid. Both LES and uRANS cases share the same dimensions in the stream wise transverse plane.

Objectives and Methods
Two turbulence treatment methods for CFD, LES and uRANS are explored for FIV in the 'initial regime' at a single reduced velocity; the definition of reduced velocity follows as Vr = Uin = fnD. The emphasis-contrary to the previous published predictions is on the statistics of resolved coherent flow structures. In this study use is made of the commercial code Fluent [17], a collocated finite volume code, to solve the flow and turbulence equations in Cartesian coordinates. Initial validation for static cylinder wake is made against measurements of Cantwell and Coles [8] and Perrin, et al. [18]. Predictions of Breuer [7] are also used for comparisons where applicable. The implementation of the cylinder's self-excited oscillations is undertaken by an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) deforming mesh technique of which predictions smooth. At the outlet boundary, a fixed pressure value is maintained, while all other flow variables are extrapolated from the interior. Additionally, there is no restriction on the flow gradients at the outlet boundary. A symmetry condition is applied at the top and bottom boundaries. In the 3D LES case, the domain sections at each end of the cylinder are specified as symmetry sides leaving no imposition of sectional correlation at either side. While the outlet boundary does not offer treatment for reflections, static-pressure based quantities indicate negligible effect of any reflection, such as spurious fluctuations.

Flow and structure model
Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, continuity and turbulence scalars equations are discretized and implicitly solved iteratively by the Fluent solver. In the LES case, use is made of a filtered Navier-Stokes and continuity equations that solve for the resolved flow fluctuations including the effect of Sub Grid Scales (SGS) stresses: Where ( ) ij ψ is the stress tensor due to molecular viscosity and Tij is the SGS stress defined by The SGS stresses are modelled based on the Dynamic Kinetic Energy SGS Model devised by Kim and Menon [24] in which the turbulent viscosity μ t is calculated from the SGS kinetic energy k sgs as And the SGS stresses are calculated from ( ) And k sgs is found by solving its transport equation iteratively with the flow equations, The rate-of-strain tensor ij S is based on the resolved filtered velocity gradients. The filter size ∆ f is equivalent The computational domain in the present work has a rectangular section; the domain extends 3.5 diameters upstream of the cylinder, 8.5 diameters downstream and 4.5 diameters on the top and bottom sides with water as working fluid. This translates into a blockage ratio of 11.1% and a span-to-diameter ratio of infinity for the 2D uRANS case.
As shown in Figure 1a, the grid topology comprises structured quadrilateral elements -hexahedral in 3D-in the boundary layer zone around the circumference. This layer is designed to resolve the laminar sub layer by satisfying a maximum circumferential wall non-dimensional distance Y + of one and a maximum cell size transition ratio of 1.17 in all the tested simulations, hence, eliminating the need for wall functions approximations. In the case of the FIV predictions, the boundary layer zone is conned to move as a single entity in compliance with the cylinder's surface. This enables collection of statistics as the cell indices and sizes are not altered. This quadrilateral/hexahedral structured zone is followed by unstructured triangular/pyramidal elements for what is termed the dynamic mesh zone. The remaining of the domain is meshed with structural quadrilateral/hexahedral cells.
For the 3D LES tests, the a posteriori assessment of the grid filter is shown in Figure 1b and shows that the modelled part of turbulent scales reached a maximum of 24% of the total turbulent fluctuations. This resolution is a function of the Dynamic Kinetic Energy sub-grid scale model used in this analysis. As for the 2D uRANS grids, all constructed grids satisfy a resolution in the wake such that a single cell size is less than one tenth the integral length scale computed by k 1.5 /ε where k is the turbulence kinetic energy and ε is the turbulence dissipation rate. Subsequently, the uRANS grid resolution is designed to capture the energy containing large scale periodic flow structures. Grid construction data are listed in Table 1.
The inlet section is ascribed a constant uniform velocity. In the LES case, the inlet has no perturbations to allow a fully laminar approaching flow to the cylinder surface. In the uRANS case, the inlet is ascribed low turbulence intensity of 0.6% to set a small value of the turbulent viscosity. Also, a no-slip adiabatic condition is specified for the cylinder surface that is assumed to be perfectly The non-linear coupling between the cylinder and the flow field is under taken sequentially. The fluid pressure and shear forces are integrated around the cylinder's surface after a converged solution. Forces are then used to solve the cylinder's equation of motion; displacement is calculated for the next time step. The mesh is deformed and a new solution loop is made. Being chosen to be three orders of magnitude less than the cylinder's oscillating period, the time step size provides stable and accurate coupling between the cylinder surface motion and the flow field.

Results and Discussion
Simulations are compared against lab-based measurements of Brankovic and Bearman [19] and Hover, et al. [20] with structural properties being of the former. For the experiment of Brankovic and Bearman, m * was 0.82 while ζ was 1.5e -4 . Whereas for Hover, et al. [20], m * was 3.07 and ζ was 0.013; this has an order of magnitude higher specific mass but is still considered as low mass-damping system that is valid for some aspects of comparison. In the referenced experiments, the Reynolds number was about 4000; this is one major difference to what is presented herein.
However, before investigating the nature of the FIV predictions, a comprehensive study for a stationary cylinder is presented here for two reasons. First, to establish credible grid sensitivity excluding the influence of the dynamic meshing. Second, as the literature does not provide FIV-Wake details for the studied Reynolds number, the static cylinder comparisons remain essential in judging the quality of the FIV Wake results herein.
A noteworthy reservation herein is that the present study only considers a single reduced velocity in the 'initial regime'. The current study focuses on the method of investigation and what it suggests of interesting flow physics at the low amplitudes occurring in the 'initial regime'. On a figure presentation matter, for the results shown for wake cross-sections at different x/D, the curves are shifted against each other for clarity and compactness. The amount of shift varies and equals the difference in the Y-axis variable taken at the minimum y/D value. The shift at the minimum y/D is referenced to either a value of 1 (as for U/U in ) or a value of zero as for the rest of the plotted variables. Normalization of results is based on the free-stream velocity, diameter of cylinder and working fluid properties.

Static cylinder analysis
Grid sensitivity studies are shown in Table 2. Grids R are made for uRANS 2D studies while for LES studies, a to cube root of cell volume. The C k and C ϵ are model constants determined dynamically as developed by Kim and Menon [24]. For the uRANS solution, the two-equation turbulence model, k-omega Shear Stress Transport of Menter [25] is used. The momentum equation in tensorial notation is defined as: The bracketed quantities in the equation are phase averaged. The turbulent stresses are modelled as: The eddy viscosity V tr is defined by Menter [25]; the formulation allows flow variables to be integrated all over the domain without the need for wall function (low Reynolds number formulation). Such transient form of RANS modelling will result in phase averaged flow velocities that will be used to obtain the now resolved periodic Reynolds stresses. This should not be confused with the modelled stresses computed by Vtr.
The ALE technique is based on that a minimum and maximum cell size and a maximum shape deformation (skewness) are defined in the dynamic mesh zone. Details on the ALE realization is found in [9]; the continuity and momentum equations are modified to account for the deformation of the control volumes. In this study a limit is set that adopts 60% allowable deviation for the cell shape from an equilateral triangle. The minimum cell size is 0.5% of the cylinder diameter while the maximum allowed cell size is 0.7% of the cylinder diameter.
Numerically, the code uses an Euler integration to update the location of the cylinder as in the following equation: . .

= .
m m c g c g c g The vector x c.g indicates the position of the cylinder centre of gravity while . c g v indicates its velocity. With a single degree-of-freedom, the cylinder position is solved for the transverse direction. A fourth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme is used to solve the cylinder equation of motion with constant coefficients. The m cyl ., c and k s are the cylinder mass, damping and stiffness coefficients respectively as used in the equation of motion: The effect of the added mass results from the solution of the cylinder-flow coupled system and is not part of the actual mass in the cylinder's equation of motion. Parameters for identifying the structural properties are as follows:
Mass damping: m * ζ, ζ is the damping ratio that is re-lent shear layer. In addition, the assumed perfect spanwise correlation owing to the 2D assumption an effects the shedding phenomenon. Subsequently, the uRANS lift force -which causes the cylinder's motion in this work-, is over predicted. However, its value here should be compared to sectional lift values not overall values reported in Table 2; for that overall values depend on span length.
In light of the 2D assumption, grids R1 and R2 show reasonable values for forces and vortex frequency. Other R grids over predict the St. Although other R grids display low values for lift force and high values of base pressure that are incidentally closer to experimental observations-, such results do not agree with the perfect span wise correlation assumption that reasonably leads to higher lift force and lower base pressure. It appears that boundary layer resolution is crucial for enhanced predictions of forces and vortex shedding. Perhaps what is controversial here is that R1 grid shows better global quantities than R2 grid which has more than twice as much nodes around the circumference. As the difference between R1 and R2 is not drastic, grid R1 is chosen for uRANS tests for FIV.
The LES grids show a better force and shedding values from a flow-physical standpoint compared to the assumptions made with the uRANS solution. Both LES grids show an over prediction in St, L rec and o s θ . Although it falls within the experimental range, d C also does not match the specific available benchmarks but is enhanced by finer grid resolution as also found by Breuer [7]. The coexistence of high St, low mean drag and longer L rec has been reported by Travin, et al. [26] in their coarse Detached Eddy Simulation study. An important factor that has to be considered herein is the numerical blockage that likely caused a high velocity in shear layers resulting in disagreements in vortex frequency and force predictions.
It is fair to acknowledge that current LES predictions show different results than that of Breuer [7] perhaps due coarse and a fine grids are computed. Comparisons with lab-based experiments are made against the results of Cantwell and Coles [8] taken by hot wires and Perrin, et al. [18] taken by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The span-to-diameter ratios, blockage ratios and inlet turbulence intensities are (25, 4%, 0.6%) and (4.8, 20.8%, 1.5%) in both experiments respectively. The experimental configurations of both experiments are primarily responsible for their differences as discussed by Perrin, et al. [18]. Moreover, it is important to acknowledge the fact that comparing two experiments that differ significantly in the blockage ratio is a critical matter. In fact, Perrin, et al. [18] compared cautiously their results against that of Cantwell and Coles.
As far as alternative benchmark candidates are concerned, there are pioneering good sources of numerical data from a DNS attempt of Dong and Karniadakis [6] at Reynolds number of 10,000, and a LES study of Breuer [7] at exactly the same Reynolds number studied herein. However, the data presented at each of those numerical benchmarks are limited compared to what is offered in the experimental benchmarks above mentioned. Due to the similarity in Reynolds number, reference to the results of Breuer [7] will be made when applicable; data in Table 2 is for grids using dynamic SGS model [7].
It is shown that the flow variables are very sensitive to grid resolution and that insufficient circumferential grid points result in significant differences in all the reported shedding and wake parameters. The linear eddy viscosity model as applied in the uRANS method assumes that turbulence generation is in phase with strain rate; hence, a high strain rate downstream of the stagnation point produces an unphysical turbulent viscosity which in turn delays the separation. A consistent over-prediction of the Strouhal number (St) in the uRANS runs is related to the over-prediction of the separation angle, on the one hand, and to the absence of shear layer transition dictated by the turbulence model that assumes a fully turbu-  [8] and [18] respectively. The experimental range is taken from reference [10] except for d C that is from [8]. Values are not corrected for experimental setup. nents as first proposed by Reynolds and Hussain [21].
For an arbitrary instantaneous quantity s, its decomposition involves -in order-a global average, a phase (periodic) average and an instantaneous or random component.

( )
, , = s x y t s s s′ + +  The sum of the periodic and random components is termed total.
For the benchmark data presented herein, each of the benchmark experiments relied on conditional sampling that is influenced by "phase jitter". As noted by Cantwell and Coles [8] and with more details by Perrin, et al. [18], the conditional sampling results in an under estimation of the coherent/periodic contribution in turbulent stresses. It could be inferred from a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) study, by Perrin, et al. [27] that up to 40% under-estimation and 40% over-estimation can result in the periodic and random turbulence respectively. As the authors do not have the complete POD data of Perrin, et al. [27], all the benchmark data herein are taken by conditional sampling as described in [8] and [18]. In this study, the random contribution is not quantifiable by virtue of the uRANS assumption adopted. The uRANS output will be compared against periodic turbulence, while the LES output will be compared against the total turbulence. to their better span wise grid resolution and the computational geometry. However, pro table use could well be made of the current LES studies in order to obtain reasonable insights into FIV interaction with the cylinder's vicinity. Despite its performance, the coarse LES grid will be used for further static and FIV flow comparisons. While the use of the coarse grid would remove some computational burden, evidences from literature are that FIV in 'initial regime' would act to enhance the spanwise correlation requiring less span wise resolution. For quality assessment of LES, the coarse grid shows on Figure  1b that modelled turbulence is reaching a maximum of 24% of the turbulence spectrum at certain spots at the very near wake.
The time averaged velocities for uRANS simulations are displayed as compared to the measurements of benchmark experiments in Figure 2a and Figure 2b. The predicted mean stream wise and transverse velocity profiles are in general trend accord with the benchmark measurements. In Figure 3a and Figure 3b, LES predictions of mean velocities are shown exhibiting similar accord with benchmarks. LES prediction shows more of stream wise velocity deficit along wake profiles due to the difference in computing the recirculation zone.
The turbulent and periodic wake flow around a blue body could be decomposed into three velocity compo- the over-predicted St as shown in Table 2, the predicted uRANS periodic normal stresses are high, due to stronger shedding and high velocity in shear layers provided by the numerical blockage. Similarly, the periodic shear stress  vv exhibits over-prediction but is in trend wise accord with benchmark counterparts. Figure 3c and Figure 3d show proles of normal total stresses as predicted by LES method.
The streamwise stresses follow the trend found by Perrin, et al. [18], due to their high blockage ratio and longer Lrec [18]. Accord is enhanced at 2.0D, perhaps due to the higher effect of SGS viscosity upstream that may have decreased the spreading of uu across the wake. At 1.5D, transverse stresses approach their counterpart of Cantwell and Coles [8], while being under-predicted compared to data of Perrin, et al. [18]. Better agreement, however, is shown at 2.0D. Taking into account the longer Lrec, it is noteworthy to indicate that such spatial difference in the wake certainly a effects the matching of various variables.
Owing to the difference in blockage ratio, current LES total stresses predictions would be lower than those of Perrin, et al. [18] but would also be higher than the unblocked results of Cantwell and Coles [8]. This overprediction of vv has been also reported by Breuer [7] in their LES study. Total shear stress, u̅ v̅ , is generally higher The approach to identify phase averaged or periodic contribution relies on obtaining the global average over reasonable shedding cycles-21 cycles in this study. Global averaged values are subtracted from the instantaneous values of the flow field to yield the periodic component; this was performed over 11 shedding cycles. In this context, the smaller the incremental time step the more resolved the periodic motion. However, there is an upper limit for this very large eddy simulation -applied in a uRANS sense-in that the resolution is tied to the local grid density; hence the small incremental time step used herein to accommodate this requirement. To the knowledge of the authors, such scale decomposition on uRANS has not been looked at in detail for cross cylinder flows at high Reynolds numbers. As for LES computation, time averaging was applied over 25 shedding cycles, with further 25 cycles to obtain converged statistics. Reynolds stresses predicted by LES in the current study are the resolved or filtered in context of the SGS filter applied herein.
In Figure 2c and Figure 2d, a general trend between benchmark experiments is that measurements of Perrin, et al. [18] show greater normal periodic stresses than those taken by Cantwell and Coles [8] due to the higher turbulence intensity [18]. The stream wise uu   and transverse  vv periodic stresses are consistently over-predicted, while keeping qualitative accord. Due to The shedding frequency reported in the Table 3 is obtained by examining the frequency of the velocity trace in the downstream wake. The oscillating cylinder excited by the flow vortex force shows a dominant response frequency that is now the system's frequency (i.e. the wake and the cylinder together). Figure 4a and Figure 4b show the response curves for both lift force and transverse distance moved by the cylinder along with the frequency spectrum of the signals.
It could be inferred that, in uRANS and LES responses, the signal is not periodic (non-stationary) and that LES response is more of chaotic. Evidence of this can be found by inspecting the phase-space profiles in Figure  4c and Figure 4d, where multiple interfering orbits are present. The effect of Reynolds number is shown by the higher and more chaotic response compared to response spectrums in Brankovic and Bearman [19], and a CFD study by Elbanhawy and Turan [9], both undertaken at Reynolds number of around 4000. than that of Cantwell and Coles [8]. However, it is higher at 2.0D than at 1.5D due to the difference in recirculation zone Lrec mentioned earlier. Despite the difficulty in simulating the correct physics of a non-equilibrium three-dimensional turbulent wake, the predicted quantities of the flow field fairly suggest a promising attempt that serves the purpose of this work.

Coupled response characteristics
In the present study, the reduced velocity V r for the cylinder in the 2D uRANS run and the 3D LES runs was 1.5 and 2 respectively. Due to the over-estimated lift force in the 2D uRANS, a reduced velocity of 2 has resulted in an increased displacement amplitude and a 2P shedding pattern. Hence, either choice of V r meant that the simulation takes place in the 'initial regime' with a shedding pattern of 2S. Table 3 shows the effect of the flow induced vibration on the shedding frequency, lift and drag forces.  seems that the averaging time was not long enough for the uRANS FIV run as indicated by the slightly unsymmetrical wake profiles. The cylinder's oscillations seem to reduce the stream wise velocity deficit across the wake, especially in the vicinity of the cylinder as seen on Figure  2a and Figure 3a. However, both uRANS and LES runs show that such deficit increases further downstream of the cylinder and becomes higher than the static case, due to the expected mixing of free stream and Vortex Street. This influence on the recirculation zone is consistent with what is found in Govardhan and Williamson [11], whereas what is not consistent with their measurements is that they observed a higher velocity deficit in the 'initial regime' marked with 2S Karman vortex street shedding. The non-harmonic response predicted here would result in a slightly disturbed 2S shedding regime; this consequently leads to a different wake average field compared to Govardhan and Williamson [11] given that their experiment was made at Reynolds number of 4000.
Oscillations have consistently reduced the average transverse velocity along the wake as inferred from Figure 2b and Figure 3b. Such decrease is more pronounced at the vicinity of the cylinder than further downstream. This is reasonable given the degree of wake mixing expected by the spatial increase of the vortex origins on both sides of the cylinder due to vibration. The cylinder's oscillations have widened the effect of the wake as appears on the stream wise, transverse and shear periodic stresses in Figure 2c and their LES total counterparts in Figure 3c. This agrees with measurements of Govardhan and Williamson [11] for a lower Reynolds number.
FIV causes periodic and total stream wise stresses to increase while moving downstream, although it causes a decrease at 1.1D and 1.5D. As expected, due to the cross-flow oscillations that organise vortex motion, both transverse periodic and total stresses are increased at the different wake cross-sections shown in Figure 2d and Figure 3d. The periodic and total shear stress appears to be influenced by FIV and its free stream entrainment and is thus decreased along the wake as seen in Figure 2e and Figure 3e. This is not the case for the uRANS result at 1.1D where entrainment is not fully achieved, provided that uRANS prediction consistently over predicts the periodic shear stress. In their study, Govardhan and Wil- The frequency spectrum here is analysed using Fast Fourier Transform algorithm with a Tukey window applied in Matlab [28]. A Nyquist frequency of 250,000 Hz, which is three orders of magnitude higher than the system's frequency, is used for sampling. The oscillating cylinder exhibits a significant amplification of fluctuation of drag and lift forces -as expected-in both uRANS and LES runs. However, the LES run shows more sensitivity to FIV with an order of magnitude rise in force fluctuations. With FIV, the shedding frequency of the flow-excited cylinder has decreased slightly but remained matched to the cylinder's oscillating frequency.
In accordance with either of the benchmark experimental measurements, the phase angle in between the fluid force and the cylinder's displacement is zero as indicated in Table 4. The force coefficients along with frequency ratio and vertical amplitude are shown in Table  4. The force coefficients -where N denotes the number of discrete sample points-are calculated by means of correlation functions between angle brackets as follows: The numerical predictions for the oscillating cylinder show an increase in the displacement amplitude and a striking difference in the C la . The sign of the added mass coefficient from Brankovic and Bearman [19] has been altered to be compatible with the same method of correlation applied here and in Hover, et al. [20]; this implies that when the C la is negative, the added mass is positive. Other parameters show accord with the range of experimental results laid out in Table 4; it is noteworthy that both experimental values are for the 'initial regime' with very similar structural properties. CFD predictions by Elbanhawy and Turan [9] at a lower Reynolds number likely suggest that the increased displacement and added mass effect on the force (C la ) are Reynolds number effects.

Wake dynamics with FIV
FIV influence on wake profile is shown on Figure 2 for the uRANS run and in Figure 3 for the LES run. It  [9] 0.07 0.0 0.45 -0.7 8.3e -4 seem to follow the same trend among the static and FIV cases, the qualitative and quantitative distribution of vortex energy and its production differ significantly nearer the cylinder's boundary layer. To further the analysis, Figure 5a visualises the uRANS kinetic energy production in the vicinity of the cylinder. For the static case, it is shown that the thin boundary layer has positive energy, the maximum of which lies in the separated shear layer, delivered to augment the coherent eddy structures. The base of the cylinder has a region of negative production zone that serves as a sink for the energy of the periodic structures.
On the contrary, the FIV case exhibits major differences in the profile of energy production Figure 5b. The thin boundary layer area is almost dominated by negative production (decrease of energy of coherent structures). However, away from the thin boundary layer area, there is a region of strong energy production as part of the separated shear layer and in the base of the cylinder. The core of the recirculation zone shows a different behaviour in between the static and the oscillating cylinder. Irrespective of its sign (i.e. direction), kinetic energy production is consistently higher -about one order of magnitude-influenced by the cylinder's oscillation.
Alternatively, Figure 6a visualises the LES kinetic energy production in the vicinity of the cylinder where values are generally less than those predicted by uRANS. FIV causes an increase in production by more than an order of magnitude in addition to a qualitative difference in production profile. Generally, uRANS and LES runs share the same influence of FIV on production values although there remains a difference in magnitudes where the influence of FIV is higher in LES computations.
liamson [11] have also observed that FIV reduces total and periodic shear stress at a lower Reynolds number.
The time averaged kinetic energy production of vortex structures is evaluated from the main stream to the resolved motion as follows: This is the turbulence energy production determined from the mean flow gradients and the resolved Reynolds stresses i j u u whether these stresses are the periodic (uRANS) or the filtered (LES). Time averaged turbulent energy production along wake cross-sections is displayed in Figures 2f and Figure 3f showing the influence of FIV. Except at 1.1D for the uRANS run, as the distance increases downstream, FIV results in decreased production; that is suggested to be due to decreased flow gradients resulting from wake mixing. As the shear plays an important role in such production, this uRANS observation at 1.1D is expected.
There is an apparent difference in the production profile between the uRANS and LES runs owing to the difference in turbulence treatment and more likely to that the uRANS solution does not possess a span dimension. However, with the presence of FIV, production profiles share the same trend in both of the uRANS and LES runs. A general trend shown is that the production of coherent structures is enhanced near the cylinder's base where the recirculation zone is. This is true for both static and glow-excited cylinder cases presented herein given the difference in their respective recirculation zones. This is clearly seen for a static cylinder by Cantwell and Coles [8] although not available to be shown herein.
While the wake plots of turbulent energy production tion shows higher p-v correlation values than its uRANS counterpart. This observation comes in support to the higher oscillation amplitude given by the LES solution, which in turn, causes higher fluctuations in transverse velocity at the cylinder boundary.

Conclusions
High Reynolds number (140,000) FIV-Wake interaction studies are undertaken numerically for the first time in the literature. In agreement with previous reviews in the open literature, it is found that FIV cylinder-dynamics exhibit important changes in high Reynolds number flows. The wake of the circular cylinder in the present CFD study has exhibited distinct vortical structures that are amenable to resolution by means of the turbulence treatment applied. Numerical predictions for wake statistics and response characteristics provided reasonable indications to what FIV would lead to.
Results have shown that pro table use could be made out of 2D uRANS simulations where expensive computational resources are of an issue. While recognizing the level of approximations applied herein, it is shown that the high Reynolds number influences the cylinder's response amplitude, added mass and lift/drag amplification. Furthermore, FIV enhances free stream entrainment into the wake and results in changes in periodic and total Reynolds stresses. Significant changes in the kinetic energy of vortex structures and its production occur around the cylinder boundary especially in the separated shear layer and at the cylinder base. While the current study covers a certain scenario of cylinder FIV, useful insights on the influence of Reynolds number have been presented. Further research is needed to explore high Reynolds Time averaged kinetic energy of resolved vortex structures is visualised in Figure 5b and Figure 6b respectively for the uRANS and LES runs. Similar to P (ke-p), the cylinder's oscillation causes a significant increase -by not less than an order of magnitude in the kinetic energy. This increase is more pronounced in the separated shear layers and at the cylinder's base. Both uRANS and LES runs follow the same trend despite the fact that uRANS simulation predicts higher time averaged kinetic energy. This is suggested to be due to the two dimensional assumption that concentrates vorticity in a two dimensional plane.
The fluctuation of static pressure and its correlation with stream-wise and transverse velocities on the cylinder surface are plotted in Figure 7. It is shown in Figure  7a that the uRANS method over-predicts the time averaged pressure fluctuations on the cylinder surface compared to the LES output where values are influenced by the span dimension. FIV causes such fluctuations to increase considerably; however, values from both uRANS and LES come closer to one another. Such observation supports the argument that oscillations enhance the two-dimensionality of the cylinder's wake.
Time averaged p-u correlation is generally enhanced by FIV as shown in Figure 7b. However, uRANS method exhibits higher correlation likely due to the higher shear layer stream wise velocity. Such high velocity results from the linear eddy viscosity turbulence model that assumes that production and strain rate are in the same phase. Figure 7c shows time averaged p-v correlation where FIV also increases such correlation and alters the circumferential distribution qualitatively. LES computa-